Which fallacy involves attributing the success of a program to its components rather than the actual results?

The fallacy of composition is correctly identified here. This fallacy occurs when one assumes that what is true for individual parts of a whole is also true for the whole itself. In the context of attributing the success of a program to its components, the fallacy lies in analyzing the merits or effectiveness of separate elements without regard for how these components work together to achieve the overall outcome.

For example, if a program consists of various successful strategies but results in failure as a whole, claiming the overall success based solely on the successful parts would be misleading. The fallacy overlooks the reality that effectiveness might arise from the interaction of these components, their collective implementation, or external factors influencing results.

In contrast, other fallacies like selected instances focus on generalizing from specific cases, faulty analogy draws misleading comparisons between unrelated situations, and post hoc reasoning infers a cause-and-effect relationship based solely on sequential events. Each of these has a different underlying rationale and result, making them distinct from the fallacy of composition.